In this article, we consider a group \(G\) and two subgroups \(H\) and \(K\). Let \(HK=\{hk \text{ | } h \in H, k \in K\}\).
\(HK\) is a subgroup of \(G\) if and only if \(HK=KH\). For the proof we first notice that if \(HK\) is a subgroup of \(G\) then it’s closed under inverses so \(HK = (HK)^{-1} = K^{-1}H^{-1} = KH\). Conversely if \(HK = KH\) then take \(hk\), \(h^\prime k^\prime \in HK\). Then \((hk)(h^\prime k^\prime)^{-1} = hk(k^\prime)^{-1}(h^\prime)^{-1}\). Since \(HK = KH\) we can rewrite \(k(k^\prime)^{-1}(h^\prime)^{-1}\) as \(h^{\prime \prime}k^{\prime \prime}\) for some new \(h^{\prime \prime} \in H\), \(k^{\prime \prime} \in K\). So \((hk)(h^\prime k^\prime)^{-1}=hh^{\prime \prime}k^{\prime \prime}\) which is in \(HK\). This verifies that \(HK\) is a subgroup. Continue reading Two subgroups whose product is not a subgroup→
In that article, I gave examples of real valued functions defined on \((0,+\infty)\) that converge to zero and whose derivatives diverge. But those functions were not monotonic. Here I give an example of a decreasing real valued function \(g\) converging to zero at \(+\infty\) and whose derivative is unbounded.
We first consider the polynomial map:
\[P(x)=(1+2x)(1-x)^2=1-3x^2+2x^3\] on the segment \(I=[0,1]\). \(P\) derivative equals \(P^\prime(x)=-6x(1-x)\). Therefore \(P\) is decreasing on \(I\). Moreover we have \(P(0)=1\), \(P(1)=P^\prime(0)=P^\prime(1)=0\) and \(P^\prime(1/2)=-3/2\). Continue reading A decreasing function converging to zero whose derivative diverges (part2)→
We consider a vector space \(V\) of dimension \(2\) over a field \(\mathbb{K}\). The matrix:
\[A=\left( \begin{array}{cc}
0 & 1 \\
0 & 0 \end{array} \right)\] has several wonderful properties!
Only zero as eigenvalue, but minimal polynomial of degree \(2\)
It is well known that a second-countable space is separable. For the proof consider a second-countable space \(X\) with countable basis \(\mathcal{B}=\{B_n; n \in \mathbb{N}\}\). We can assume without loss of generality that all the \(B_n\) are nonempty, as the empty ones can be discarded. Now, for each \(B_n\), pick any element \(b_n\). Let \(D=\{b_n;n \in \mathbb{N}\}\). \(D\) is countable. We claim that \(D\) is dense in \(X\). To see this let \(U\) be any nonempty open subset of \(X\). \(U\) contains some \(B_p\), hence \(b_p \in U\). So \(D\) intersects \(U\) proving that \(D\) is dense.
In this article, I consider real valued functions \(f\) defined on \((0,+\infty)\) that converge to zero, i.e.:
\[\lim\limits_{x \to +\infty} f(x) = 0\] If \(f\) is differentiable what can be the behavior of its derivative as \(x\) approaches \(+\infty\)?
Let’s consider a first example:
\[\begin{array}{l|rcl}
f_1 : & (0,+\infty) & \longrightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\
& x & \longmapsto & \frac{1}{x} \end{array}\] \(f_1\) derivative is \(f_1^\prime(x)=-\frac{1}{x^2}\) and we also have \(\lim\limits_{x \to +\infty} f_1^\prime(x) = 0\). Let’s consider more sophisticated cases! Continue reading Differentiable functions converging to zero whose derivatives diverge (part1)→
A classical way to prove that an integral polynomial \(Q \in \mathbb{Z}[X]\) is irreducible is to prove that \(Q\) is irreducible over a finite prime field \(\mathbb{F}_p\) where \(p\) is a prime.
In this article, I will describe a subset of the plane that is a connected space while not locally connected nor path connected.
Let’s consider the plane \(\mathbb{R}^2\) and the two subspaces:
\[A = \bigcup_{n \ge 1} [(0,0),(1,\frac{1}{n})] \text{ and } B = A \cup (\frac{1}{2},1]\] Where a segment noted \(|a,b|\) stands for the plane segment \(|(a,0),(b,0)|\). Continue reading A connected not locally connected space→
Let’s consider a polynomial of degree \(q \ge 1\) over a field \(K\). It is well known that the sum of the multiplicities of the roots of \(P\) is less or equal to \(q\).
